What is ERC-20?

1 min read Updated

ERC-20 is the standard interface for fungible tokens on Ethereum and EVM-compatible chains — defining functions like transfer, approve, and balanceOf that enable interoperability across the entire ecosystem.

WHY IT MATTERS

ERC-20 is arguably the most important standard in crypto. It defines how fungible tokens behave: how they're transferred, how third parties get spending approval, and how balances are queried. Every token that follows ERC-20 works with every wallet, DEX, and DeFi protocol.

The standard defines six required functions (totalSupply, balanceOf, transfer, allowance, approve, transferFrom) and three optional metadata fields (name, symbol, decimals). This simplicity is its strength — anyone can implement it.

USDC, USDT, LINK, UNI, DAI — all ERC-20 tokens. The standard has been cloned across every EVM chain (BEP-20 on BSC, etc.), making it the universal token interface.

HOW POLICYLAYER USES THIS

PolicyLayer's spending controls are built around the ERC-20 interface. The approve/transferFrom pattern that ERC-20 defines is precisely what PolicyLayer uses to enforce allowances — granting agents limited, policy-constrained spending authority over specific tokens.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What does ERC stand for?
Ethereum Request for Comments — the process for proposing Ethereum standards. ERC-20 was the 20th proposal, originally authored by Fabian Vogelsteller in 2015.
What's the approve/transferFrom pattern?
A two-step process: the owner approves a spender for a certain amount, then the spender can transfer tokens on the owner's behalf. This is how DEXs, lending protocols, and PolicyLayer interact with your tokens.
Are there problems with ERC-20?
The approve pattern has UX issues (requires two transactions) and the infinite approval pattern creates security risks. ERC-20 also lacks callback mechanisms, leading to tokens being permanently locked in contracts that don't expect them.

FURTHER READING

Enforce policies on every tool call

Intercept is the open-source MCP proxy that enforces YAML policies on AI agent tool calls. No code changes needed.

npx -y @policylayer/intercept
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